It’s no surprise that the largest employer of mathematicians in the United States is the National Security Agency. These jobs are not all ‘codebreakers’ – why does the NSA employ so many mathematicians, second only to Wall St.?
The biggest secret propaganda and sales tool used by experts in the modern world is the deliberate twisting and false presentation of data, specifically – numbers and ‘statistics.’ They do so in such a subtle way, that the argument leads into a heated debate about the inference of the obvious conclusions – NOT the calculation of the numbers themselves! Very rarely are the methods of statistical calculations, data collection, formulations, and other operations ever questioned.
This is used by governments, to paint a picture they want, in the case of the military, to ‘sell war’ – as outlined eloquently by mathematician Nassim Taleb:
When Pasquale Cirillo and I examined the historical accounts of wars for our statistical analysis of violence, we discovered huge holes –people take numbers for gospel, yet many accounts were fabrications. Many historians, political “scientists”, and others for fall for them, then get to write books. For instance we saw that the scientific entertainer Steven Pinker based his analysis of the severity of the An Lushan rebellion on a shoddy overestimation –the real numbers of casualties could to be lower by an order of magnitude. Much of Pinker’s thesis of drop in violence depends on the past being more violent; it thus gets further discredited (the thesis is shaky anyway as Pinker’s general assertions conflict with the statistical data he provides). Peter Frankopan, in his magesterial The Silk Roads, seem to get the point: estimations of casualties from the Mongol invasions were inflated as their accounts exaggerated the devastation they caused in order to intimidate opponents (war is not so much about killing as it is about bringing submission). Our main (technical) paper is here. But it is not just the bullshitting of Steven Pinker: numbers for many wars seem to have been pulled out of a hat. Some journalist cites some person at a conference; it finds it way to Le Monde or the New York Times, and that number becomes fixed for future generations. For our attempt to build a rigorous method of quantitative historiography, we devised statistical robustness techniques: they consist in bootstraping “histories” from the past, considering the past a realization between the lowest and the highest estimate available, producing tens of thousands of such “historical paths” and evaluate how “robust” an estimator to changes in the aggregate. More depressingly, we found that no historian had bothered to do similar cleaning up work or robustness check –yet the statistical apparatus is there to help.
(In case you haven’t heard of Nassim Taleb this book is a MUST READ as a primer for any trader or investor to understand MATH as it pertains to the MARKETS: Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets. Taleb is no academic he runs a multi-billion dollar hedge fund).
Inflated numbers of enemy casualties, or deflated numbers of aggressor casualties, pose an obvious example of why such agencies would use bad math to display data in such a way as to further their argument, for one side or another. But what other examples? Why would Wall St. use such a strategy, considering their entire business is numbers?
Consider the example of the Fed and interest rate policy. If the current interest rates are 1%, and the Fed hikes to 2%, that’s a 1% increase but in percentage terms, it’s a 100% increase! If you had interest rate derivatives, you could with no leverage potentially earn a 100% return on your money, in a day (supposing it was a surprise and the market wasn’t already pricing in the hike).
Another popular statistical misconception, is that of loss recovery. Recovering from a loss is not linear. For example, if your fund has a 10% loss, you need 11.11% just to break even. This becomes more extreme, the deeper the loss hole. If you start with 100 units, lose 10% of them – you have 90. But to increase from 90 back to your original starting 100, you need 11.11 units, which is 11% just to get back your lost 10 units. Yes!
And speaking about performance, let’s knock the industry standard performance capsule and its big gaping hole. According to most reporting standards, such as prescribed by NFA, FINRA, and many others – funds report monthly performance based on a ‘snapshot’ of performance during that month. This sounds reasonable until you actually calculate monthly performance numbers and see that it’s really only performance based on a 1 or 2 day period intra-month. If there was a big profit or a big loss on the days taken as ‘snapshots’ that’s what will show in the capsule.
What’s misleading about this, it doesn’t represent to investors what happened DURING the month. For many strategies, this is not relevant – but for some strategies, it is very relevant. For example, imagine a scenario where there was a huge 30% loss and then recovery, and the month ended up being 2% positive. It would seem to be a low-volatility fund, and likely attract conservative investors, like Pension funds. They wouldn’t know about the intra-month risk, unless the manager told them (but why would they, it’s not in the required documents, and maybe THEY don’t even know about it).
However you add it up, the difference between balance and equity can be misleading. Skipping the monthly performance capsules that 99% of Wall St. uses, if one has access to it, one can compare the balance and equity curves over time. For those who don’t know, balance is closed positions, equity includes live trades. So if a position is still open, the floating profit or loss will show up in the equity. Take a look at this discrepancy:
The red line is the balance, yellow/orange line is the equity. These lines must separate when trades are placed, otherwise an account would never lose or gain. But how wide are these gaps, how frequent are they? Absent of rigorous statistical analysis as done by Taleb in his war casualties paper, comparing these 2 lines is the most basic form of drawdown analysis. What caused the lines to diverge? What dates did they diverge on, and what forces caused them to converge? These are questions astute investors should be asking.
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